Anna Imponente
National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome
The TEST sculpture provides an innovative example of interaction between science and art, not abstractly interpreted as a result of a subsequent critical analysis but indeed an active and creative collaboration between an astrophysicist and a sculptor.
In order to comprehend the meaning of collaboration between scientists and artists and to retrace its historical origin, we must go back to the Renaissance. There we find the so-called Weltanschaung and the idea of unitary art as a continuous and inseparable process of recognition of the structure of reality. This underlies the experience of Leonardo Da Vinci's talent, expressed in his drawings, of not separating scientific enquiry from artistic research.
In the seventeenth century, the "climb to the stars" of the stage machinery in baroque scenography, nourished by imagination, had loosened this link. It had coincided, on the one hand, with experimental Galilean sciences pursuing exact research towards a rational comprehension of the universe, and on the other hand, with the flourishing of the poetics of subjectivity, taste and feeling, the beaux arts, and a stratification of painting into specialistic genres.
In the nineteenth century, however, a new reversal of this trend can be observed: the scientific achievements of H.L. Helmholtz in the field of optics and of E. Chevreul in that of chemistry helps pointillistes painters in the separation of color. Furthermore, at the beginning of the twentieth century I(1907) the Cubist revolution, which changes the concepts of space and time towards a simultaneity of vision, is synchronized with Einstein's theory of special relativity (1905).
The relationship between Remo Ruffini and Attilio Pierelli was not one of director/implementer nor could it exactly be defined as a four-handed performance. It has instead been a line of work suggested to the artist by a graphic design which had already been scientifically tested and computerized by M. Johnston and Ruffini at Princeton University in 1974.
This scientific investigation concerned the calculation of the geometric motion of five particles moving in space-time according to the application of a solution of Einstein's equations; the in vitro materialization and the visible replica of the discovery of a phenomenon existing in our own galaxy, namely the black hole, consisting of a stellar mass which is sucked into itself by gravitational collapse under the effect of its own self-gravity.
The encounter between Ruffini and Pierelli was not just a coincidence. On the one hand, there is the scientist, who in investigating astrophysical laws has always matched the exactness of results with the acknowledgement of a natural elegance of formulas, approaching an aesthetic outline of the detailed calculations. On the other hand, there is the sculptor, who appeases his eagerness for geometry by the contemplation of intricate reflecting symmetries and by perspective-illusive visions based on proportionate sizes, with the intention of proving the poetry of pure science before it becomes a technological adventure. In the theoretical formulation of his research on space, Pierelli has surveyed the history of mathematical thought and non-Euclidean geometries, deriving his hyperspatial shapes from the investigations of Gerolamo Saccheri, a Jesuit philosopher and mathematician of the seventeenth century.
The intuition of the aesthetic potential of this new form derived from the integration of Einstein's equations and describing the geodesics or trajectories of bodies around a black hole is compared by Ruffini to the "Greeks' discovery of r and the circle, which led to Hellenic architecture and the column" (interview with R. Ruffini by F. Bellonzi, Rome, 1985). Initially in 1981 the structural novelty of this form was understood by the architect Maurizio Sacripanti when he considered it as a space one can enter with one's own body and perceive directly with one's senses (M. Sacripanti in Catalogo Roma, Palazzo delle Esposizioni, 1981).
The initiation of this new work has the flavor of a challenge that the sculptor makes to himself, namely to represent the trajectories in a plastic form given their spatial co-ordinates-height, width and length-and to reinterpret them as an aesthetic object, using his own judgement to verify its artistic coherence. The realization of this project seems to be conceptually complex and revolutionary. It is meant to describe a motion, but not a terrestrial one, as the futurists and Boccioni had already done in 1913 with the famous sculpture Unique forms in space continuity. Nor should it be the motion of a body set free in the earth's gravitational field, which would fall either vertically or with elliptical or hyperbolic motions. Instead it should resemble a M6bius strip without being so simple, since it would be differentially dragged by the rotational field of the black hole in the geometry of space-time. Hence the acronym TEST which stands for "Traction of Events in Space-Time." Thus the sculpture has no priviledged interpretational directions and no supporting pedestal which might associate it with a central perspective view: no "top" or "bottom," no "right-side" or "left-side." Any orientation gives a complete and faithful realization.
Rather one should imagine it in rotation, with its surface being independent of any relation with the source of natural light ("ambientation" is the fundamental issue of sculpture), ignoring any possible atmospheric effect; in other words, the opposite of a "Mobile" of Calder which awaits a gust of wind to reanimate itself and come alive. Here, the metal light alone outlines and designs the vision of the rotating black hole. The transformation of this sequence of events into a solid form is portrayed by abstracting their properties and reducing everything to a direct perception of its essence, a Wesenschau. This representation does not lend itself to psychological or science-fictional interpretation and suggestion; the collective imagination can perceive and attain an emotional projection and exemplification of the universe, of egoism, since it involves a prehensile shape which absorbs and sucks in matter.
Moreover, the title TEST, only by pure chance, includes the monogram "ET" which recalls the mythical encounter of a human being with the extraterrestrial of Steven Spielberg's fairy-tale film. There the emblematic image of the finger contact between the two had been borrowed from Michelangelo's Creation of Man in the Sistine Chapel while the return to space resembled a mythical ascension on the trail of the Christmas comet.
From a scientific point of view, the clear and lucid form of this sculpture might remind one of the application of mathematical logic to ideographic instantaneity that Giuseppe Peano carried out towards the end of the last century (G. C. Argan, 1985). And from a properly artistic perspective, it can be related to the philosophy of Russian Constructivism around 1920, and to the first clear perception, by Naum Gabo, of the unity of all visible forms and of the existence of aesthetic ones only in accordance with physical and mathematical laws. In the more recent context, characterized towards the late seventies by strong neo-expressionist and subjectivistic artistic movements, or neo-manner-ist re-evaluation of art from the past, interaction with science has meant above all the adoption and use of advanced technologies, the so-called "computer art." However, the use of media totally different from the traditional ones can change only the visual perception of the image and produce only a technical updating of the communication without necessarily yielding a new artistic message. On the other hand a "snapshot" which is new in concept and ichonography can also be expressed through the use of traditional and experimented techniques. Its very novelty may be expressed through the use of modules of different sizes and composition: namely the the form of a 20 cm silver object, as in 1985, or in that of a 50cm bronze one, or in steel tubes, like the 340x470x260cm3 structure which was shown at the Venice Biennial Exhibition of 1986.
In the silence of his studio the artist finds his knowing craftsmanship, in making the moulds to be forged into metal and in his attempts to achieve the right shape of the torsions which express the intuition of their artistic value, with the light and opacity of the metal. With his mind, he tries not to betray the accuracy promised to the measurements of the curvatures and strives to make them coincide with his own geometric dream.
The discovery of a form which is not an invention, but bears the simple beauty and the perfection of an archetype existing in nature, leads one to re-experience aesthetically the same emotion that must have been felt by whoever discovered it first.
-English translation by Susanna Hirsch
Bibliography
A. Imponente, Catalog presentation of the show of A. Pierelli, TEST, Trascinamento di Eventi Spazio Temporali, Rome, Galleria MR, September-October (1985).
G.C. Argan, Conversazione con A. Imponente, A. Pierelli, R. Ruffini, June (1985).
H.C. Kennedy, Storia di un matematico (La Curva di Peano, p.49), P. Boringhieri, Torino (1983).
R. Ruffini, Sielle, galassie, universo, catolog of the show 5 Miliardi di Ann:, Rome, Palazzo delle Esposizioni, May-June 1981, Multigrafica Editrice (1981).
V. Bellezza, V. Ferrari, R. Ruffini, M. Sacripanti, Lo spazio di un buco nero ruotanie, catolog of the show 5 Miliardi di Anni, Rome, Palazzo delle Esposizioni, May-June 1981, Multigrafica Edit rice (1981).
R. Giacconi, R. Ruffini, Physics and astrophysics of neutron stars and black holes, North Holland, Amsterdam (1978).
M. Johnston, R. Ruffini, Phys. Rev. D1O, 2324, New York (1974).
R. Ruffini, J.A. Wheeler, Introducing the black hole, in Physics Today, New York, January (1971).